Warranty
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Clay-like materials are derived from clay minerals in mineral deposits or ores that are agglomerated by clay and weathered into fine grains; weathering or alteration products of certain sub-clay minerals and smashed during mining Mud minerals. In all three cases, a “mud†can be mixed into the ore to form a muddy material (or ore).
Washing is widely used in ferrous metals (Fe, Mn) ores, non-ferrous metals (copper, aluminum, zinc, tungsten, tin, aluminum) ores, non-metallic (diamond, kaolin, quartz sand, diatomaceous earth, etc.) the ore Treatment of rare and precious metal mines, building materials (gravel, gravel and sand) and other materials such as energy minerals and chemical raw materials.
So far, there is still no completely unified and clear concept and strict granularity limit for "mud". In some of the documents and materials as well as in the actual production, are determined "mud 'the size limit. For example, non-ferrous mineral processing plant in the country, the impact crushing operations," according to the specific characteristics of each different process conditions and materials The particle size limit of the mud is determined to be -0.3 mm. However, in some concentrators it is still customary to use 200 mesh (0.075 mm) as the "mud" limit.
Since the "mud" has no definite concept, the washability of the mud-containing material cannot be fully expressed. Initially, the ease of washing is indirectly assessed based on the physical and mechanical properties of the material being washed. However, this does not accurately reflect the actuality of the washing process, and it also significantly ignores the mechanical action of the washing equipment. In recent years, based on the study of washing kinetics, it is proposed to evaluate the washability of the materials to be washed by using the parameters of the washing process (washing energy per unit ore and necessary washing time) and washing strength. The concept of the washability coefficient is derived. In this way, the actuality of the washing process is more accurately reflected.
Factors affecting the efficiency of washing, in addition to the physical and mechanical properties of the material being washed and the mechanical action of the washing equipment, there are still water flow speed, pressure, water volume, water temperature and possible additives (water glass, sulfuric acid, soda, lime) Etc.) and the preparation method of the material before washing (pre-soaking or pre-drying).
For some well-bonded sand mines, it is often necessary to impact and transport with high-pressure water of a certain flow rate, so that the agglomerated bulk materials can be broken and separated.
The water consumption for difficult-to-wash materials is obviously greater than that for easy-washing ores. The washing efficiency increases with the increase of water temperature. For example, water heated from 10 ° C to 40 ° C increases the rate of disintegration of clay by nearly two times.
Soaking or drying the material to be washed in advance can change the physical and mechanical properties inherent in the material to be washed or destroy the strong cohesive force in the material to be washed, thereby improving the index of washing and shortening the time of washing. . [next]
Various types of washing equipment are used to complete the washing task with its unique structure and working parameters. From the history of the application of the washing process, it was initially simply washed with water on a common sieve and gradually evolved to use a specialized washing machine. With the complexity and difficulty of washing the materials to be treated, there are also washing and washing units that combine the disintegration and separation operations. In the field of modern beneficiation, with the continuous expansion of the scope of mineral processing application and the deepening of the difficult to wash materials and the strict requirements of the process, the task of washing the mine should be completed well, and it is not the single washing machinery. A variety of washing machines and screening (or grading) machines are used together, thus forming a washing process.
Washing is generally used in preparatory operations at the concentrator, prior to picking (including hand selection and photoselection), crushing, re-election (including heavy media beneficiation), magnetic separation and flotation operations. The purpose of washing is to eliminate the impact and harm of the mud on these operations, to improve the process conditions of these operations, improve work efficiency and obtain good selection indicators. For example, before the manual operation of the black tungsten ore dressing plant in southern China, the washing operation of adding water to the vibrating screen to remove the slime on the surface of the ore is generally used. Thereby, the throwing rate of the hand-selected operation is improved, and the condition for lowering the lower limit of the hand-selected granularity is created. In the miners' section of most of the concentrators in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and in southern China, washing operations are also commonly used to eliminate the hazards of the slime and prevent the blockage of the crushing chamber, funnel and mine bin to ensure the crushing process. Smooth and normal production of crushing and screening operations. For the ore containing soluble heavy ferrous metal oxide minerals, the washing operation in the miners section is not only to improve the conditions of the crushing operation, but also to effectively recover the heavy metal ions in these soluble minerals, and at the same time, improve Indicators for flotation operations. Of course, for large-scale concentrators to deal with wet and sticky materials, washing is a very complicated and difficult operation, you should consider the self-grinding process.
Washing can also be an independent beneficiation process that directly produces finished concentrates. For example, the treatment of residual iron, manganese ore and limonite in China mostly adopts multi-stage washing operations, and directly produces the final concentrate or coarse concentrate to be sent to the next stage for sorting. Natural silica sand, clay and kaolin industry as well as some of the apatite ore, usually only need washing, plus screening (or grade) can get qualified products. Another example is limestone , an auxiliary material for smelting. Because the karst fissures are more developed in the deposit, surface clay and weathering products are mixed into the ore, and the impurities are usually removed by washing to obtain high-quality limestone. In diamond sand ore, diamond particles are loose or cemented. Generally, no crushing and grinding are required. Only the ore is washed, sieved and de-slurried, and large gravel and fine tailings can be divided. Out, obtain coarse concentrate (or clean sand), and further use the re-election method to produce the final concentrate.
In chemical raw ore, phosphate rock usually needs to be washed. In China, more than 80% of the phosphate rock is a silica-calcium type phosphate rock. After calcination, it becomes crispy and brittle, but a large amount of calcium and magnesium oxide are still encapsulated in the mineral aggregate, which hinders the hydration reaction. Simple de-sludge does not work. In order to effectively remove calcium and magnesium gangue, scrub it while digesting. In this way, the mud removal effect is enhanced and the hydration reaction is smoothly carried out. In Canada, almost all potash ore dressing plants have mud removal circuits to remove very fine insolubles. This insoluble matter is a mixture of dolomite, hematite and a small amount of clay and anhydrite . Dissolve into a fine dispersion as soon as it is wet in the brine. This kind of slime can be completely broken after being scrubbed by many stages of high-strength, and then it can be separated gradually by multi-stage de-slipping circuit.
The fine mud and coarse ore nuggets produced by the washing process (except for direct products) require further treatment, especially fine mud. In some metal ores, the washing fines often contain higher metal grades and should be considered for recycling by appropriate sorting methods. For some non-metallic ores, coarse particles may be discarded as waste, and fine mud shall be treated by classification, concentration (or precipitation), drying, and the like. The water used in the washing process is very large, so a large amount of sewage will be discharged. When considering the use of washing, it is necessary to consider the treatment of sewage at the same time, otherwise it will have a bad impact on the environment.
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During the warranty period, in case the defect of material or workmanship has occurred with spare parts in normal operation. the defective part will be repaired and replaced free of charge, at our discretion.
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Overview of washing process
The process of removing the clayey material from the ore is called washing. This process actually involves two steps of breaking and separating. The whole process is carried out in the action of water flow and corresponding machinery. The dispersing is the disintegration and dispersion of the clay material by soaking, impacting and stirring of water; the separation is the clay fine particles suspended in the water by the action of water flow and The slime is separated from the coarse material. For some materials, the two steps of shredding and separation are performed separately; however, for most materials, the disintegration and separation are performed almost simultaneously. As long as the two steps are included and the operations and processes for the coarse and fine or slime products are obtained, they can be collectively referred to as washing.