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Fig.1 Quenched structure of cobalt high-speed steel (30% nitric acid alcohol solution etching) The microstructure can be seen from Fig. 1-3. The grain size of cobalt high-speed steel is the largest (the austenite grain size is 10), followed by ordinary high-speed steel grains. (Austenitic grain size 11), aluminum high-speed steel grain is the smallest (austenitic grain size 12). The quenched structure of cobalt high-speed steel is quenched martensite, carbides and retained austenite. The reason for the large grain size is related to the addition of cobalt. Compared with ordinary high-speed steel, the content of tungsten is reduced, and the content of molybdenum is increased. In addition, cobalt does not form carbides in high-speed steel, and most of them are dissolved in solid solution. Cobalt increases the melting temperature of the eutectic eutectic and raises the quenching temperature, which tends to cause grain coarsening. The quenched structure of aluminum high-speed steel is stealth martensite + retained austenite and a small amount of eutectic carbides. According to Guo Gengsan's "High-speed steel and its heat treatment" (published by Machinery Industry Press, 1985), a new carbide phase appears in the quenched state of aluminum high-speed steel, namely g-VC phase, which is a kind of carbonization containing aluminum or chromium. Phase, it is dispersed in the interior of the crystal grains, can also be deposited on the M6C, but the amount of aluminum should not be too high, if the content of more than 4% (mass fraction) when the formation of aluminum carbide, hard and brittle. 
Fig. 2 Quenching structure of ordinary speed steel (30% nitric acid alcohol solution etching) 
Fig. 3 Quenched structure of aluminum high-speed steel (30% nitric acid alcohol solution etching) Red hardness can be seen from the right table. At the same temperature, the average hardness of aluminum high-speed steel is higher than that of ordinary high-speed steel.
Table Ordinary high-speed steel and aluminum high-speed steel Hardness (HRC) Steel tempering temperature / °C Mean average value of ordinary high-speed steel 600 58.5 59.5 60.0 59.5 60.0 59.5 625 56.0 56.0 55.5 56.0 56.5 56.0 650 48.0 42.5 46.5 46.5 47.5 47.2 Aluminum high speed Steel 600 61.5 62.0 62.0 62.0 61.5 61.8 625 63.0 63.5 63.5 64.0 63.5 63.5 650 52.5 53 52.5 52.5 52.5 52.5 Service life Ø6mm Average high speed steel cones cut an average of 1,126 holes (5 taps 1,124,1,140,1,092,1,106,1,168 respectively) While the aluminum high-speed steel cones cut 1,400 holes on average (5 taps 1,410, 1,396, 1,382, 1,428, 1,386, respectively), and the latter increased the cutting life by 24% over the former. This is because aluminum in aluminum high-speed steel can increase the solubility of tungsten and molybdenum in the steel, resulting in solid solution strengthening, and aluminum compounds play a role of "pinning" in steel. The addition of aluminum increases the amount of carbide precipitation in high-speed steel and improves the steel's resistance to tempering and red hardness. Therefore, the normal temperature, high temperature hardness and wear resistance of steel can be improved, and the strength and toughness are also relatively high. In addition, the addition of aluminum does not cause the blade to stick when the tool is cut, thereby increasing the production efficiency. The average cutting life of Ø8mm ordinary high-speed steel taper is 188 holes (3 taps are 196, 180, and 188, respectively), and the cobalt high-speed steel taper cutting life reaches 406 holes (3 taps are 404, 376, and 440, respectively). 2.16 times. After cutting, it was observed that the former blade was worn, and the latter did not wear. The addition of cobalt to high-speed steel promotes the precipitation of tungsten and molybdenum carbides from the martensite during tempering, improves the dispersion hardening effect, and improves the thermal stability, so it can improve the room temperature, high temperature hardness and wear resistance. Increasing the cobalt content can also improve the thermal conductivity of the steel and reduce the friction factor between the tool and the workpiece. Therefore, the service life of cobalt-containing high-speed steel is greatly improved compared with ordinary high-speed steel. 
(a) Before processing 
(b) After treatment Figure 4 W6Mo5Cr4V2 Cryogenic Texture before and after Cryogenic Treatment Before and After Cryogenic Treatment Figure 4 shows that the average diameter of carbide particles before cryogenic treatment (ie, quenched + triple tempered) is approximately 1.4 μm. After the cold treatment, the average diameter of the carbide particles was about 1.0 μm, the particle diameter decreased by about 30%, and the particles dispersed uniformly, and the precipitated carbide particles increased significantly. High-speed steel Ø6mm cone processing 45.2 holes before cryogenic treatment (5 taps were 45, 38, 50, 45, 48), after cryogenic treatment average processing 62.2 holes (5 taps were 67, 72, 54, 60 , 58), life expectancy increased by 38%. The Ø8mm tap can process 27.8 holes (5 taps are 20, 26, 30, 28, and 30) before cryogenic treatment, and 40.4 holes after cryogenic treatment, which is 1.45 times that of the former. It can be seen that the cryogenic treatment can greatly improve the tap. The cutting life. The quenched structure of high-speed steel is high-carbon high-alloyed martensite, undissolved carbides, and a large amount of retained austenite. During the tempering process at 560°C, a large amount of dispersed fine carbides precipitate in the martensite, and the tempering and cooling process occurs. Part of the retained austenite in the secondary quenching occurs and is converted into (secondary) martensite. In the second tempering, a large amount of dispersed fine carbides are precipitated from the martensite, and residual austenite continues to occur to the horse. The transformation of the spheroids, so after three tempering, the content of retained austenite (volume fraction) decreased from 25% to 30% to 1.5%, the entire organization is tempered on the martensite matrix distributed with a large number of scattered fine uniform carbonization With very small amounts of retained austenite. The quenched and three-tempered taps were placed in liquid nitrogen at -196°C. The diffusion of carbon atoms was difficult. During the rise to room temperature, the diffusion of carbon atoms accelerated; the carbon content in tempered martensite was 0.2% to 0.25%, iron The carbon content of the body is less than 0.008%. Tempered martensite is in an unstable state, still in a certain degree of supersaturation, further resolves the ultrafine carbides, and the precipitation of fine carbides prevents the growth of the structure and coarsening of carbides caused by the temperature increase. The amount of spheroids is small (about 1.5%). According to the study, the amount of retained austenite before and after cryogenic treatment changes little, so it can be considered that austenite basically does not change during the entire cryogenic process. The deep-cooled structure should be the original carbides (precipitated after three temperings) on the tempered martensite matrix and the ultrafine carbides precipitated in the martensite after cryogenic cooling, and a very small amount of residual Stellar body. Because of the dispersion of ultrafine carbides, hardness, strength, toughness, red hardness, and abrasion resistance are all correspondingly improved. 4 Economic Benefits Comparison The current price of ordinary high-speed steel is 48,000 yuan / t, aluminum high-speed steel price is 57,600 yuan / t, is 1.2 times the former, Ø6mm tap raw material cost is 0.9 yuan / support, the product price is 6.8 yuan / Branches, using aluminum high-speed steel materials, the cost of raw materials to 1.1 yuan / support, the same as other production processes, the product price is 7.0 yuan / support, about 3% higher than the former, life expectancy increased by 24%, so that the same amount of processing the same Threaded holes can reduce the amount of taps, save time for replacement, reduce production costs, and increase economic efficiency. The cost of cryogenic processing for ordinary high-speed steel wire cones includes 30L liquid nitrogen tanks, which can hold 200 Ø6 mm taps at a time. The processing cycle is 24h, one tank can be used for 14 days, and a total of 2800 can be processed. The cost of liquid nitrogen is 5 RMB/ L, a can of 150 yuan, each cost 0.05 yuan, taking into account other costs, each cost up to 0.10 yuan, that is, after processing the price increases by less than 1.5%, while the service life can be increased by 38% to 45%, with very Good economic benefits. 5 Conclusions The red hardness of aluminum high speed steel is significantly higher than that of ordinary high speed steel. The service life of aluminum high speed steel taper is 24% higher than that of ordinary high speed steel taper. Cobalt high-speed steel cones have more than double the service life compared with ordinary high-speed steel cones. The direct cryogenic treatment of ordinary high-speed steel wire cone products can improve the cutting life of the tap, the effect is obvious, the operation is easy, the process is simple and feasible, and the cost is low.
The service life of superhard high speed steel and ordinary high speed steel cone
1 Introduction Traditional materials for machine taps are mostly W6Mo5Cr4V2 high speed steels, which have good red hardness and wear resistance. However, with the deepening of the research on new materials, higher requirements have been put forward for cutting tool materials. It is hoped that the normal temperature and high temperature mechanical properties of cutting tools will be significantly improved. To this end, on the basis of ordinary high-speed steel, by adjusting its chemical composition, adding other alloying elements to produce superior performance super-hard high-speed steel, such as cobalt high-speed steel, aluminum high-speed steel in milling cutters, drills and other aspects have been very good The application life has doubled, but less research has been done on taps. In addition, cryogenic treatment also improves the service life of high-speed steel tools, such as hobbing cutters, milling cutters, drills, etc., to varying degrees. Therefore, the authors studied the service life of superhard high-speed steel and ordinary high-speed steel cones and the effect of cryogenic treatment on the service life of ordinary high-speed steel cones. 2 Materials and Test Methods Test material Aluminum high-speed steel used for testing Chengdu Institute of Tools W6Mo5Cr4V2Al, cobalt high-speed steel for the M35 (United States), ordinary high-speed steel for W6Mo5Cr4V2, the above three materials are heat treatment by Shanghai Cutting Tool Co., Ltd. , machined into a machine tap and cutting test. Before and after cryogenic machine cutting (W6Mo5Cr4V2) cutting trials were commissioned by Shanghai Sanqiang Mould Co., Ltd. Quenching and quenching processes for cobalt high-speed steel, aluminum high-speed steel and common high-speed steel are as follows: Cobalt high-speed steel is preheated at 820°C, heated at 1,240°C, and air-cooled after being classified at 600°C; aluminum high-speed steel is preheated at 850°C and heat-preserved at 1,200°C, 550～ 600 °C air-cooled classification; ordinary high-speed steel preheated 820 °C, 1,190 °C heating, 600 °C air-cooled after classification (time preheated 10min, heating 5min, classification 5min). After quenching, the structures were observed with an XJG-05 optical microscope and the grain size was compared. Red hardness test According to the red hardness test method, quenched ordinary high-speed steel and aluminum high-speed steel specimens were heated and held at 600, 625, and 650°C for 4 hours, respectively, and then air-cooled to room temperature. The hardness was measured and repeated three times. Contrast test of tapping performance The Ø6mm machine tap is made of common high-speed steel and aluminum high-speed steel and tested according to the cutting specification specified in GB/T969-1994. The cutting is performed on a bench drill. The processed material is 45 steel, and the hardness is 170HB. The cutting speed is 5.3 m/min (ie 280 r/min), the cutting depth is 8 mm, and the coolant (emulsion) flow rate is 5 L/min. Then the ordinary high-speed steel and cobalt high-speed steel made of Ø8mm fully polished spiral groove taps for cutting tests, cutting in the Z305 drill, the processed material is 1Cr18Ni9Ti stainless steel, hardness 190HB, cutting speed using 4.8m/min (ie 190r/ Min), cutting depth 8mm, coolant flow 5L/min. Cryogenic treatment and cutting test comparison The Ø6mm and Ø8mm each 5 high-speed steel wire cones were placed in -196°C liquid nitrogen for 24h cryogenic treatment, removed and placed in the air, compared with the tapping without deep cryogenic treatment. The cutting was carried out on a Z535 vertical drill press. The material was Cr12MoV, hardness 250 HB, cutting speed 260 r/min, cutting depth 30 mm, coolant flow 1 L/min. The microstructure of W6Mo5Cr4V2 before and after cryopreservation was observed with S-2700 scanning electron microscope. 3 test results and analysis