**Abstract:** This paper explores the characteristics, application conditions, and key design considerations of air-cooled heat pump-based household central air conditioning systems. It also examines their compatibility with green building standards. The study highlights that household central air conditioning systems offer energy efficiency, reliable performance, and flexible usage, making them suitable for multi-room residences, villas, offices, and entertainment spaces. By integrating modern technology and environmental awareness, these systems align well with the growing demand for sustainable living solutions.
**Keywords:** home air conditioning, ultra-micro central air-conditioning, air-cooled heat pump
**1. Household Air-Conditioners and Green Buildings**
In recent years, as living standards have significantly improved, per capita living space in Shanghai has increased from 4 m² to over 10 m², greatly enhancing the quality of life. The demand for residential properties has surged, moving beyond small 60–70 m² units to larger two-bedroom and even multi-bedroom homes, including small villas. These developments reflect a shift toward better-designed, environmentally friendly, and functionally superior living spaces. As a result, air conditioning has become an essential part of both homes and commercial buildings, setting higher expectations for comfort and efficiency.
By 2000, nearly 90 out of every 100 residents in Shanghai owned an air conditioner, with many households having multiple units. This high penetration rate indicates that air conditioning is now a standard feature in modern living. In response to this trend, developers have introduced the concept of "green buildings," which emphasize resource efficiency, environmental protection, and sustainability. A green building integrates renewable energy, reduces waste, and promotes recycling, aiming to create healthier and more eco-friendly environments.
However, traditional split air conditioners are no longer sufficient to meet the requirements of such buildings. They suffer from low energy efficiency, poor indoor air quality, and aesthetic and environmental issues. For instance, their low COP (Coefficient of Performance) leads to high energy consumption, while their lack of fresh air supply can cause indoor air pollution. Additionally, outdoor units often disrupt the building’s appearance and contribute to noise and water discharge problems.
Given these challenges, there is a clear need for more advanced systems, such as small-scale household central air conditioning, especially in large residential complexes that require efficient and environmentally friendly cooling and heating solutions.
**2. Characteristics of Home Central Air Conditioning Systems**
Home central air conditioning represents a new approach to residential climate control. Unlike traditional split systems, it uses a centralized unit to serve multiple rooms, offering greater efficiency and flexibility. This system is particularly suitable for larger homes, villas, and commercial spaces where space and comfort are important factors.
The advantages of such systems include:
1. **Energy Efficiency**: A single central unit can drive multiple end devices, adjusting automatically based on load changes, saving up to 20% in energy compared to conventional split units.
2. **Aesthetic and Space-Saving Design**: Units can be installed on balconies or rooftops, avoiding damage to walls and maintaining the building’s visual appeal.
3. **Comprehensive Resource Use**: The system can provide both cooling and hot water, maximizing energy utilization.
4. **Improved Indoor Air Quality**: With a dedicated fresh air system, it ensures clean and healthy indoor environments.
5. **Simplified Management**: Since the system serves one household, it avoids billing disputes and supports better property management.
These features make it an ideal choice for modern, eco-conscious homeowners seeking comfort and sustainability.
**3. Design of Air-Cooled Heat Pump Home Central Air Conditioning Systems**
Air-cooled heat pump systems use outdoor air as a heat source, making them highly efficient and cost-effective. By absorbing heat from the environment and transferring it indoors, they can provide both cooling and heating. This system eliminates the need for cooling towers and water pumps, reducing both energy and water consumption.
Key design considerations include:
- **Climate Conditions**: The system works best when winter outdoor temperatures remain above -10°C, and the evaporation temperature stays below -8°C.
- **Defrosting Mechanism**: Frosting can reduce efficiency, so proper defrosting methods—such as using electronic expansion valves—are essential.
- **Installation and Noise Control**: Units should be placed in areas with good airflow and minimal obstructions to ensure optimal performance and reduce noise pollution.
These systems are ideal for small to medium-sized buildings and can be tailored to meet specific needs, making them a promising solution for future residential and commercial applications.
**4. Conclusion**
This paper has analyzed the features, applications, and design challenges of air-cooled heat pump-based household central air conditioning systems. While their thermal efficiency may not be as high as other systems, their flexibility, energy-saving capabilities, and ability to provide both cooling and heating make them highly suitable for residential and commercial use. With continued advancements in technology, these systems are expected to play a significant role in the future of green building and smart home solutions.
**References**
[1] Qin Wen. *Villa Building Air Conditioning Design*. HVAC, 1998, 20(4).
[2] Bu Xiaohua. *Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Technology Quiz*. Beijing: Metallurgical Industry Press, 2000.
[3] Han Wei, Chen Zhichun. *Study on the Performance of Air-Water Heat Pump System*. Refrigeration, 2000, 19(3).
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